A. 親，急求關於 民間借貸 ，或 借貸 的外文文獻 有翻譯的更好
民間借貸，泛指在國家依法批准設立的金融機構以外的自然人、法人及其他組織等經濟主體之間的資金借貸活動。民間借貸具有制度層面的合法性，是正規金融有益和必要的補充。民間借貸的利率可以適當高於銀行的利率，各地人民法院可根據本地區的實際情況具體掌握，但最高不得超過銀行同類貸款利率的4倍。
民間借貸熱點問題及糾紛
1.根據《擔保法》規定，抵押人和抵押權人應當簽訂書面抵押合同。民間借貸的雙方當事人在借款時不簽訂借款合同，僅僅有借條，而借條內容過於簡單。以住房作為抵押，不簽訂房地產抵押合同，僅以口頭約定，極易產生糾紛。一旦發生法律糾紛，當事人的主張存在法律上的舉證困難，即便到了法院訴訟，有時也很難保護自己的合法權益。
2.第三人以自己所有的住房為人的借款做擔保，不簽訂抵押合同。在實際操作中，第三人為債務人提供擔保，為保障自己的權益，約束債務人及時履行義務，往往會要求債務人向自己提供反擔保。在這種情況下，不僅要簽訂書面的抵押合同，而且應當簽訂書面的反擔保合同，這樣，才能敦促債務人及時還款，保障自己的住房不至於被凍結、執行。
3.民間借貸當事人在辦理房地產抵押擔保時，不到房管部門辦理抵押合同登記手續。僅僅將其自己住房的房產證交付人質押。根據我國《擔保法》規定房地產抵押應當辦理抵押物登記，抵押合同自登記之日起生效。不辦理抵押登記，有可能導致抵押無效。同時，由於不辦理登記，房管部門屢屢發現，在民間個人借貸中有製作假房產證交付債權人作為擔保的。
4.大部分民間借貸抵押人均是以自己的現住房(許多是唯一的住房)提供擔保的。這就有可能造成債權的落空。
因此，專家建議，民間借貸抵押當事人，在發生借款時，要充分考察借款人的信用，查實借款人的房屋狀況，簽署好所有的法律文件，並到房管部門辦理相應的抵押合同登記，領取他項權證。
借貸特點
1.民間借貸具有靈活、方便、利高、融資快等優點，運用市場機制手段，融通各方面資金為發展商品經濟服務，滿足著生產和流通對資金的需求。
2.民間借貸出於自願，借貸雙方較為熟悉，信用程度較高，對社會游資有較大吸引力，可吸收大量社會閑置資金，充分發揮資金之效用。且其利率杠桿靈敏度高，、隨行就市，靈活浮動，資金滯留現象少，借貸手續簡便，減去了諸多中間環節，提高了資金使用率I資金實願效益得以發揮，這在目前我國資金短缺情況下，無疑是一有效集資途徑。
3.民間借貸吸引力強，把社會閑散資金和那些本欲擴大消費的資金吸引過來貸放到生產流通領域成為生產流通資金，在一定程度上緩解了銀行信貸資金不足蚵壓辦，對抑錯消費擴大亦起了一定作用。
4.它向現存的金融體制提出了有力的挑戰，與國家金融展開激、烈競爭，迫其加快改掣。
民問信貸在利用其特點發揮積極作用同時，也伴有消極因素的出現。在實踐中，首先由予法律的不明確、體制的不完善，以及認識的不統一，致使一些地方的民間借貸處予：_非法狀態-或放任失控狀態，法未確立其合法地位，因而它更多地是以地下活動或半地下活動進行的，這無疑為一些不法分子乘機進行金融詐騙活動提供了方便，其次，民間借貸雖具靈活方便特點，但帶有盲目性，風險系數極大，往往投資予風險事業而受危害，便在借貸雙方和存款者之間產生連鎖反應，造成社會不安定因素I第三，信貸經營者往往經營管理能力差，亦無嚴密的財會、簿記制度，—旦大宗金融交易失敗，對金融市場、生產和流通是個沖擊，第四，借貸手續過卡簡便，一不考慮資信，=無財產擔保，每每糾紛發生無法解決，而借貸的直接現金交易，使其難以在更太范圍內為商品經濟腮務，且有些信貸已脫離了生產流通領域，一些人借機放超高利息，進行高利貸活動，折舊違背了信貸總值，干擾了金融市場，凡此種種，都需要我們從立法上加以研究解決。
優勢分析
1低利率互助型借貸
這種形式也就是民間常見的「幫困濟貧」，主要是城鄉居民、個體私營企業主之間用自有閑置資金進行的無償或有償的相互借貸行為。相互熟悉、相互信任的借貸雙方直接見面，約定借款金額、期限、利息，由口頭約定、或打個借條，用於個人之間，主要是親友之間臨時性資金調劑，金額從幾百元到數萬元，企業之間金額由數萬元到數百萬元，有的民間抵押借款甚至單筆達上千萬元。 民間貸款公司借貸借款期限靈活，有不定期、幾天、幾個月，借貸雙方私交好時期限可以長達幾年。互助型借貸基本不考慮盈利或只有微小利益。民間貸款的用途主要是解決生活、生產急需。
2條件相對較低
民間貸款普遍門檻低，顯然更加適合於小企業。
3資金使用效率較高
4節省費用
5節省時間
利息利率
(一)利率問題
對於民間借貸的利率，《合同法》作出了借款利率不得違反國家有關限制借款利率的規定;司法解釋則具體規定為約定利率最高不得超過銀行同類貸款利率的四倍。也就是說，民間借貸的利率最高不得超過同期銀行貸款利率的4倍，雙方可在銀行同期貸款利率4倍內協商。如目前一年期的銀行貸款年利率為5.85%，則一年期的民間借貸年利率不得超過23.4%。由此可歸納為在銀行同期貸款利率4倍以內的屬於合法利率，超過4倍的，屬於高利貸，而高利貸的部分是不受法律保護的。
(二)利息問題
1、法律對民間借貸的利息並無強制要求，有償或無償由雙方約定。如當事人對利息有約定的，借款人應按約定支付利息;如當事人對對利息沒有約定或約定不明確的，視為不支付利息。因此，貸款人要想收取利息，必須對利息作出明確的約定，否則，按無息處理。
2、即使是無息借貸，借款人逾期不還款，貸款人有權要求償付逾期利息;或不定期無息借貸經催討不還，貸款人要求償付催後利息的，可參照銀行同類貸款利率計息。
(三)「超四倍」利息在合同履行後的返還問題
在此，我們不得不提醒借款人注意：雙方約定利率超過四倍，在履行完畢後，借款人又起訴，要求對超過四倍部分予以返還。對以上請求是否支持，司法實踐是，對已履行的超過四倍的利息不判令返還。其理由是根據訴訟法規定：當事人雙方約定的「不得超過同期同類貸款利率的四倍，超過的部分不受保護」按此條規定：「超過部分的不保護」既不保護貸款人收取超過的部分，也不保護借款人返還多付的部分。借款人可以再履行期間拒絕支付多付的利息，但已多付的部分屬於贈與部分，根據訴訟法第一百八十五條規定的贈與行為，屬於單向合同，借款人有權行使撤銷權，但雙方同意的情況下，且受贈人即貸款人沒有違反撤銷權內容的規定，借款人無權行使撤銷權，即要求返還多付的部分法院將不支持。
同時，根據《關於貫徹執行〈民法通則〉若干問題的意見》第125條規定，貸款人不得將利息計入本金計算復利。由此可見，民間借貸也不得約定復利(即利滾利)。根據新的《意見》的解釋規定，可以約定復利，但復利後的利息不可超過四倍。
民間借貸利息：《最高人民法院關於人民法院審理借貸案件的若干意見》第六條規定，民間借貸的利率可以適當高於銀行的利率，各地人民法院可根據本地區的實際情況具體掌握，但最高不得超過同類貸款利率的四倍(包括利率本數)。超出部分的利息不予保護。
B. 急求關於消費信貸的英文文獻及其翻譯！！3000字母就夠！！！急求！！！多懸賞分！！！！
Consumer credit counseling services offer 「real」 credit counseling with thoughtful solutions to help you get out of debt. Our services include debt management plans, credit counseling, bill consolidation programs and credit restoration resources that anyone in financial trouble can use. There are many ways to resolve financial difficulties and debt management plans or credit counseling are just a few ways we can help.
C. 求助：現急需一篇關於消費信貸的外文及中文翻譯，大約兩千字哦，本人不甚感激
消費信貸是個人和家庭用於滿足個人需求(房產抵押貸款例外)的信貸,與企業信貸相反。消費信貸是商業企業、銀行或其他金融機構對消費者個人提供的信貸。主要用於消費者購買耐用消費品（如傢具、家電、汽車等）、房屋和各種勞務。
消費信貸有兩種基本類型：封閉式信貸和開放式信貸。封閉式信貸指在一段時間內以相同金額分數次償還債務的方式。開放式信貸是循環發放的貸款，部分付款根據定期郵寄的帳單繳付。
封閉式信貸：
●抵押貸款
●汽車貸款
●分期付款貸款（分期付款銷售合同、分期現金支付信貸和一次性信貸）
開放式信貸：
●旅遊與娛樂卡
●透支保護
●百貨商店發行的卡和銀行卡（有銀聯、維薩Visa、萬事達MasterCard）
消費信貸的形式主要有：①賒銷。零售商向消費者提供的短期信貸，即用延期付款的方式銷售商品。西方國家對此多採用信用卡的方式，定期結算清償。②分期付款。消費者在購買高檔消費品時，只支付一部分貨款，然後按合同分期加息支付其餘貨款。如果消費者不能按時償還所欠款項，其所購商品將被收回，並不再退回已付款項。③消費貸款。銀行通過信用放款或抵押放款以及信用卡、支票保證卡等方式向消費者提供的貸款。消費信貸又可分為買方信貸和賣方信貸，前者是對消費品的購買者直接發放貸款；後者則是以分期付款單作抵押，對銷售消費品的商業企業發放貸款，或由銀行同以信用方式銷售商品的商業企業簽訂合同，用現金的形式把貨款付給商業企業。
消費信貸的產生和存在是社會生產發展和人們消費結構變化的客觀要求，在一定程度上可以緩和消費者有限的購買力與不斷提高的生活需求之間的矛盾，對開拓銷售市場，促進生產和流通有積極作用。但是，消費者對未來購買力的超前預支，往往會造成一時的虛假需求，掩蓋生產與消費之間的矛盾。
Consumer credit is indivials and families to meet the indivial needs of (real estate mortgage exceptions) the credit, and credit the contrary. Consumer credit is a commercial enterprises, banks or other financial institutions to provide the indivial consumer credit. Mainly for consumers to purchase consumer rable goods (such as furniture, household appliances, automobiles, etc.), housing and various services.
Consumer Credit There are two basic types: closed-end credit and open credit. Closed-end credit refers to a period of time with the same amount of outstanding debt, scores of the way. Open credit is the cycle of loans, partial payment in accordance with the regular mail to pay bills.
Closed-end credit:
● mortgage
● car loans
● installment loans (installment sales contracts, staging a one-time cash payment of credit and credit)
Open credit:
● tourism and entertainment cards
● overdraft protection
● cards issued by the department store and bank cards (with China UnionPay, Visa Visa, MasterCard MasterCard)
Consumer credit in the form of a major: ① credit. Retailers to provide consumers with the short-term credit, that is, using the deferred payment of goods sold. Western countries have adopted more than credit cards, regularly clearing settlement. ② instalments. Consumers in the purchase of high-grade consumer goods, pay only part of the purchase price and interest rate increase by contract to pay the remaining phases of money. If consumers can not repay outstanding obligations on time, their purchases of goods will be resumed, and no refund payments made. ③ consumer loans. Diyafangkuan Xinyongfangkuan or through banks and credit card, check guarantee card, and other ways to provide consumers with loans. Consumer credit can be divided into the seller and the buyer's credit loan, which is the purchase of consumer goods direct loans while the latter is for mortgage instalments alone, sales of consumer goods for commercial enterprises loans, or by the bank to Credit goods sold commercial enterprises signed contracts, the cash purchase price paid in the form of commercial enterprises.
Consumer credit is generated and the presence of the development of social proction and people's changing consumption structure of the objective requirements, to a certain extent, can alleviate the limited purchasing power of consumers and constantly improve the lives of the conflict between the needs of opening up markets, promote the proction and circulation. Have a positive effect. However, the purchasing power of consumers in the future ahead of the advance, often causing a temporary false demand, proction and consumption to cover up the contradictions between.
希望能幫你！
D. 消費信貸風險管理 外文文獻
http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf
上面這個網址是一個pdf文檔，講的是關於消費信貸風險管理的問題。
下面這一段，是我找的資料，不知道對你有沒有用。
Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.
[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)
A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.
The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.
Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.
[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.
To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.
Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.
[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.
E. 跪求有關銀行信貸的外文文獻～最好附中文翻譯的～～
參考來源：JSTOR
China's fast-evolving consumer finance market
Contents
1. Footnote
China's consumer finance instry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today's 3.7 trillion renminbi.( n1) But that calculation understates the market's latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan's level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years--an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.
China's people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key proct areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.
For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China's fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.
1. Recognize the market's diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a proct portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending procts are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by indivial procts. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate proct balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China's fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.
Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial ecation, support 'new to credit' procts (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles.
China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit--safely.
中國的快速發展消費金融市場
內容
1。腳注
中國的消費金融業遠遠落後於整體經濟。 2007年，消費信貸余額仍然發生了不到國內生產總值的百分之十三，低於印度，遠遠低於新加坡和韓國。如果最近的增長率持續下去，消費貸款承諾2014年將超過8萬億人民幣（1.2萬億美元），從今天的3.7萬億人民幣。（n1）重的計算，但低估了市場的潛能。如果消費者在大陸的貸款上升到台灣的水平，例如，這種變化可能引發在未來5年高達10萬億人民幣的凈新的消費多 - 為銀行和零售商的巨大機會。
中國人民現在是有限的信貸方案。抵押貸款占貸款的百分之90的消費者，誰在關鍵產品領域，如汽車貸款，信用卡幾個選擇，以及個人貸款。但市場發展迅速，近年來。信用卡發行是暴漲的3萬2003卡，為128萬，到2008年底。事實上，發卡可能超過3.0億，到2013年。同樣，無抵押個人貸款和分期付款貸款，長期貸款的地下領域，增長百分之33在一年增長率自2006年以來，至744億元人民幣作為國內領先的銀行和消費者金融專家，加強其風險管理能力。
對外國和本地貸款在中國的快速發展的消費金融市場領導地位的競賽中，我們看到一些成功的關鍵。
1。認識到市場的多樣性。中國是一個本地市場的集合，每個在不同的發展階段，不同的風險狀況和獨特的消費偏好。通過這些市場一般發展三個發展階段：新生（如四川），新興（江蘇），和成熟（上海）。貸款人應採取組合的看法，在最有希望的市場為重點，但有足夠的多樣性，以捕捉到下一個發展浪潮。
2。查找產品組合相匹配的消費偏好。在某種意義上，消費信貸產品互換。許多消費者平衡儲蓄和借貸總額由個別產品，而不是。如韓國的一些國家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;別人更多地依靠現金和個人貸款。在目前的初期階段，在中國最終產品的平衡還有待確定。找到合適的組合可能是極端重要的在中國的快速成長的市場取得成功。
3。知道規則及其演變。由中國銀行監管機構在2009年發布給當地和外國銀行和消費者金融專家更自由地進入市場，消費金融公司的形式，春天的新規定。雖然最初僅限於提供分期貸款，在貸款前紀錄的零售客戶，這些公司將可能使攻擊者在無抵押消費貸款部門的參與更迅速，規模更大。此外，信用卡的進一步放鬆管制已經允許外資銀行發行人民幣為基礎的。這些銀行的目標應明確部門和發展服務的能力，廣闊的市場。
想要成為這樣一個新的市場參與者必須謹慎行事。為了保證負責任的貸款和借款，政府必須加強徵信機構，完善金融教育，支持新的信貸的產品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），並允許消費者將證券化融資余額。監管機構和貸款人必須共同努力，改善風險管理，特別是能夠識別和處理有組織的欺詐。政府要更好地察覺成為國家和地方的信貸泡沫。
中國可以管理風險，有足夠的空間，擴大消費信貸 - 安全。
F. 正在寫畢業論文，求一篇關於商業銀行消費的信貸的外文參考文獻，只有題目，作者，時間就行，急啊！
推薦到OA圖書館，中英文都有。
英文文獻，輸入英文關鍵詞即可。
G. 急求外文文獻，關於商業銀行個人消費信貸面臨的風險及對策。
相關外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要回復郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，直接網路私信或者Hi中留言貼出你需要的問題的鏈接地址及郵箱地址