⑴ 跪求有關銀行信貸對經濟發展的影響的外文文獻以及中文翻譯
中國的快速發展消費金融市場
內容
1。腳注
中國的消費金融業遠遠落後於整體經濟。 2007年，消費信貸余額仍然發生了不到國內生產總值的百分之十三，低於印度，遠遠低於新加坡和韓國。如果最近的增長率持續下去，消費貸款承諾2014年將超過8萬億人民幣（1.2萬億美元），從今天的3.7萬億人民幣。（n1）重的計算，但低估了市場的潛能。如果消費者在大陸的貸款上升到台灣的水平，例如，這種變化可能引發在未來5年高達10萬億人民幣的凈新的消費多 - 為銀行和零售商的巨大機會。
中國人民現在是有限的信貸方案。抵押貸款占貸款的百分之90的消費者，誰在關鍵產品領域，如汽車貸款，信用卡幾個選擇，以及個人貸款。但市場發展迅速，近年來。信用卡發行是暴漲的3萬2003卡，為128萬，到2008年底。事實上，發卡可能超過3.0億，到2013年。同樣，無抵押個人貸款和分期付款貸款，長期貸款的地下領域，增長百分之33在一年增長率自2006年以來，至744億元人民幣作為國內領先的銀行和消費者金融專家，加強其風險管理能力。
對外國和本地貸款在中國的快速發展的消費金融市場領導地位的競賽中，我們看到一些成功的關鍵。
1。認識到市場的多樣性。中國是一個本地市場的集合，每個在不同的發展階段，不同的風險狀況和獨特的消費偏好。通過這些市場一般發展三個發展階段：新生（如四川），新興（江蘇），和成熟（上海）。貸款人應採取組合的看法，在最有希望的市場為重點，但有足夠的多樣性，以捕捉到下一個發展浪潮。
2。查找產品組合相匹配的消費偏好。在某種意義上，消費信貸產品互換。許多消費者平衡儲蓄和借貸總額由個別產品，而不是。如韓國的一些國家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;別人更多地依靠現金和個人貸款。在目前的初期階段，在中國最終產品的平衡還有待確定。找到合適的組合可能是極端重要的在中國的快速成長的市場取得成功。
3。知道規則及其演變。由中國銀行監管機構在2009年發布給當地和外國銀行和消費者金融專家更自由地進入市場，消費金融公司的形式，春天的新規定。雖然最初僅限於提供分期貸款，在貸款前紀錄的零售客戶，這些公司將可能使攻擊者在無抵押消費貸款部門的參與更迅速，規模更大。此外，信用卡的進一步放鬆管制已經允許外資銀行發行人民幣為基礎的。這些銀行的目標應明確部門和發展服務的能力，廣闊的市場。
想要成為這樣一個新的市場參與者必須謹慎行事。為了保證負責任的貸款和借款，政府必須加強徵信機構，完善金融教育，支持新的信貸的產品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），並允許消費者將證券化融資余額。監管機構和貸款人必須共同努力，改善風險管理，特別是能夠識別和處理有組織的欺詐。政府要更好地察覺成為國家和地方的信貸泡沫。
中國可以管理風險，有足夠的空間，擴大消費信貸 - 安全。
⑵ 求4000至5000字小額貸款外國論文文獻,帶翻譯更好
先找了一些,看看滿不滿意嗎:
The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/FEDS/1998/199815/199815pap.pdf
Small Business Credit Availability: How Important is Size of Lender?
http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp1995/wp95_5.pdf
Bank Consolidation and Small Business Lending:
It』s Not Just Bank Size That Matters
http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp1997/wp97_1.pdf
Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor:
http://www.aede.osu.e/Programs/RuralFinance/PDF%20Docs/Publications/Bolivia/Papers/English/Bolivia.WD_v28.poorest.pdf
Micro-Enterprise Credit Programs
http://www.library.wur.nl/way/catalogue/documents/FLR09.pdf
⑶ 消費信貸風險管理 外文文獻
http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf
上面這個網址是一個pdf文檔，講的是關於消費信貸風險管理的問題。
下面這一段，是我找的資料，不知道對你有沒有用。
Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.
[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)
A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.
The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.
Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.
[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.
To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.
Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.
[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.
⑷ 跪求有關銀行信貸的外文文獻～最好附中文翻譯的～～
參考來源：JSTOR
China's fast-evolving consumer finance market
Contents
1. Footnote
China's consumer finance instry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today's 3.7 trillion renminbi.( n1) But that calculation understates the market's latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan's level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years--an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.
China's people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key proct areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.
For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China's fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.
1. Recognize the market's diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a proct portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending procts are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by indivial procts. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate proct balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China's fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.
Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial ecation, support 'new to credit' procts (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles.
China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit--safely.
中國的快速發展消費金融市場
內容
1。腳注
中國的消費金融業遠遠落後於整體經濟。 2007年，消費信貸余額仍然發生了不到國內生產總值的百分之十三，低於印度，遠遠低於新加坡和韓國。如果最近的增長率持續下去，消費貸款承諾2014年將超過8萬億人民幣（1.2萬億美元），從今天的3.7萬億人民幣。（n1）重的計算，但低估了市場的潛能。如果消費者在大陸的貸款上升到台灣的水平，例如，這種變化可能引發在未來5年高達10萬億人民幣的凈新的消費多 - 為銀行和零售商的巨大機會。
中國人民現在是有限的信貸方案。抵押貸款占貸款的百分之90的消費者，誰在關鍵產品領域，如汽車貸款，信用卡幾個選擇，以及個人貸款。但市場發展迅速，近年來。信用卡發行是暴漲的3萬2003卡，為128萬，到2008年底。事實上，發卡可能超過3.0億，到2013年。同樣，無抵押個人貸款和分期付款貸款，長期貸款的地下領域，增長百分之33在一年增長率自2006年以來，至744億元人民幣作為國內領先的銀行和消費者金融專家，加強其風險管理能力。
對外國和本地貸款在中國的快速發展的消費金融市場領導地位的競賽中，我們看到一些成功的關鍵。
1。認識到市場的多樣性。中國是一個本地市場的集合，每個在不同的發展階段，不同的風險狀況和獨特的消費偏好。通過這些市場一般發展三個發展階段：新生（如四川），新興（江蘇），和成熟（上海）。貸款人應採取組合的看法，在最有希望的市場為重點，但有足夠的多樣性，以捕捉到下一個發展浪潮。
2。查找產品組合相匹配的消費偏好。在某種意義上，消費信貸產品互換。許多消費者平衡儲蓄和借貸總額由個別產品，而不是。如韓國的一些國家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;別人更多地依靠現金和個人貸款。在目前的初期階段，在中國最終產品的平衡還有待確定。找到合適的組合可能是極端重要的在中國的快速成長的市場取得成功。
3。知道規則及其演變。由中國銀行監管機構在2009年發布給當地和外國銀行和消費者金融專家更自由地進入市場，消費金融公司的形式，春天的新規定。雖然最初僅限於提供分期貸款，在貸款前紀錄的零售客戶，這些公司將可能使攻擊者在無抵押消費貸款部門的參與更迅速，規模更大。此外，信用卡的進一步放鬆管制已經允許外資銀行發行人民幣為基礎的。這些銀行的目標應明確部門和發展服務的能力，廣闊的市場。
想要成為這樣一個新的市場參與者必須謹慎行事。為了保證負責任的貸款和借款，政府必須加強徵信機構，完善金融教育，支持新的信貸的產品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），並允許消費者將證券化融資余額。監管機構和貸款人必須共同努力，改善風險管理，特別是能夠識別和處理有組織的欺詐。政府要更好地察覺成為國家和地方的信貸泡沫。
中國可以管理風險，有足夠的空間，擴大消費信貸 - 安全。
⑸ 求一篇商業銀行信貸風險有關的外文文獻，4000字左右，順帶中文翻譯
童鞋你好！
這個估計需要自己搜索了！
網上基本很難找到免費給你服務的！
我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文資料庫：
----------------------------------------------------------
❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL資料庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會
❹ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會
❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書
❼ProQuest學位論文全文資料庫
❽國道外文專題資料庫 CALIS西文期刊目次資料庫
❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻譯得自己做了，實在不成就谷歌翻譯。
弄完之後，自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦！
學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的！
外文翻譯不是論文的主要內容！
所以，很容易過去的！
祝你好運！
⑹ 有關消費信貸的外國文獻一篇
如果你的房未辦按揭可以抵押房子向銀行申請個人消費貸款。再一個是申請一張額度在2萬的信用卡，刷卡透支消費。中信銀行的信用卡可以在國美辦理6個月的分期免息付款，招行信用卡在指定產品上也可以辦理免息分期付款。建議辦張信用卡最實惠，又能免息又有積分兌獎。
⑺ 跪求啊！！！！銀行貸款風險 英文文獻
The concept of Banks non-performing assets
1, the bank can't on time (according to the severity of the non-performing assets, can choose bank bankruptcy liquidation or according to the predetermined time limit), full specified amount (according to the predetermined rate) into the line of asset reorganization.
2, after the bank lending in the form of bank credit assets is not in conformity with the principle of safety, liquidity and profitability in overe, ll, bad condition and some of the loans at risk.
3, bank can't normal back or not to return the loan received.
4, refers to in a good operating state, not brings to the bank in time to normal interest income and even hard to recover the principal of bank assets, mainly refers to the non-performing loans, including subprime loan and its interest, suspicious and loss.
5, Banks can't timely get in interest income and withdraw the principal assets.
6, a good management of the state of the Banks' assets, primarily non-performing loan assets, the bank can't recover the principal and interest of the loan in a timely manner. Include: failed to recover overe loans, ll loans and non-performing loans.
[editor this paragraph]
The dangers of bad bank assets
The following harm done by the huge non-performing assets to the state-owned commercial Banks:
1. The influence the bank's capital turnover. Especially in the case of austerity or deposit landslide, Banks can't increase positions through loan recovery, often appear payment difficulties, affect bank reputation.
2. Thereby causing loss to the bank's assets. Even if a pawn can be converted into cash, but there is also a certain amount of money loss. Inventory assets restricts the turnover of funds, make the bank funds could not be applied to yield larger projects, the bank financing source is a kind of loss.
(3) leads to the deterioration of the bank's financial condition. The impact on the bank's financial bad assets is twofold. On the one hand, the more interest on the loan will not be repaid, the bank will pay this money according to the facts of the interest and other related expenses. On the other hand, the national financial system regulation, whether the interest paid in within a certain time, should be included in operating income. Therefore, the enterprise e to the more interest, bank virtual surplus real kui phenomenon is more serious.
4. Reasonable allocation of social resources. Capital is a leading factor, sedimentation configuration efficiency was unable to play, which directly affect the realization of the whole national economic benefits.
[editor this paragraph]
Management measures of non-performing assets of Banks
1. The formation of bad credit assets stripping system reason. National institutional debt of Banks and enterprises should take out a piece of institutional resources compensation, changed the loans to investment is the enterprise can't repay the bank loan to investment in the enterprise, is mainly refers to some of the national economy and people's livelihood and social stability of large enterprises loan defaults. 2. Professional shall carry out the corporate banking. Professional corporate bank, aims to establish property right clear, nobody is clear, from government administrative intervention, \"their own risks, and to balance, self-discipline, self-financing, self-development\" of the operating mechanism. Adhere to the principle of capital liquidity, safety and profitability, from the system to function all conform to the business principles of state-owned commercial Banks.
3. The construction of state-owned enterprise groups, to promote enterprise assets reorganization. Enterprise group is proced for the modern proctive scale economy requires a form of enterprise organization. Best proction scale, the lowest cost and benefit, it not only through the joint gathered huge proctivity, to proce a single enterprise is difficult to realize the combination effect of rapidly meet the requirements of modern economies of scale, at the same time, its organization, which fully reflects the flexible management of commodity economy. Have fast advanced development pattern, the enterprise group is faster than any other form of organization development, role in economic life.
Scale economic benefit, the intensive proction enterprise group company, there are two main ways: one is the implementation of indivial enterprise scale expansion, it is a corporate restructuring, through mergers and acquisitions and other forms. Powerful group co., LTD., and the latter has become adapted to market economy development request form the mainstream of group company.
The government's assets reorganization of enterprises work to strong leadership and planning, by way of joint venture, cooperation, grafting, restructuring and resources, to achieve resource restart, restructuring must implement the bank creditor's rights at the same time, in order to achieve the purpose of credit assets.
4. Strengthening the management of bank credit. Credit assets risk prevention and management of every loan credit investigation, loan review, post-loan inspection before, strengthen credit management must be carried out on loan management responsibility system. One is to clarify the responsibilities of relevant personnel, the establishment of President responsible for the system, the separation of approving system, hierarchical examination and approval system, leaving the audit system, so as to rece the management risk. 2 it is to correct their loans light tube phenomenon, achieve the fundamental transition from extensive to intensive management style, improve the level of management, improve the level of risk management, in particular, to prevent and rece new bad credit assets.
5. In accordance with the loan. First of all, from the legal safeguard the autonomy of commercial Banks and the legitimate rights and interests, put an end to the government's administrative intervention of Banks; Next, want to support the bank to collect the loan principal and interest, if necessary, by means of the law, for enterprises to evade the debt restructuring of the machine or not also rich, covert auction erosion bank assets such as mortgage goods, behavior, and to maintain the legitimate rights and interests of the bank.
這是英文的文章，你要文獻就抄每段第一句。望採納
⑻ 急求關於消費信貸的英文文獻及其翻譯！！3000字母就夠！！！急求！！！多懸賞分！！！！
Consumer credit counseling services offer 「real」 credit counseling with thoughtful solutions to help you get out of debt. Our services include debt management plans, credit counseling, bill consolidation programs and credit restoration resources that anyone in financial trouble can use. There are many ways to resolve financial difficulties and debt management plans or credit counseling are just a few ways we can help.