『壹』 跪求兩篇關於銀行個人住房抵押貸款的外文文獻。急要。謝謝。
個人的房子抵押貸款，又稱按揭，是指購房者在支付一定的首付款後，購房者向融寶通擔保抵押公司提交貸款申請並由融寶通向客戶提供剩餘部分購房款項，購房者必須有以穩定的收入，分期的向融寶通還本付息，而在未還清本息之前，用其購房契約向融寶通公司作抵押，若購房者不能按照期限還本付息，融寶通可將房屋出售，以抵消欠款。融寶通今天就為大家來介紹一下。
【真實押貸款案例】
網友提問：
我現在名下有一套住房是用公積金貸款，還差幾W的貸款沒有還清，現在我想購置另外一套住房，可是手裡錢不夠，父母有住房可以提供給我抵押，想問下能不能他們把房子抵押貸款出來用於我購房!
案例融寶通解答：
可以辦理個人住房抵押貸款，首先要具備抵押貸款條件：
一、貸款申請書(貸款用途/金額/年限/還款來源)
二、房屋所有權證
三、工作、收入證明(夫妻雙方)
四、戶口薄(夫妻雙方)
五、身份證(夫妻雙方)
六、結婚證
七、個人資產或財力證明，如銀行存摺、汽車行駛證等復印件
備註：離婚(含喪偶)未婚的需有關部門出具的未婚證明，共有房設立抵押須交有效的共有人的同意書。
其次個人住房抵押貸款只能抵押貸款到原來住房的70%―80%左右。
北京融寶通房屋抵押貸款最快當天放款。融寶通主要經營個人借貸、企業貸款、民間借貸、信用貸款等。融寶通致力於為客戶搭建一個公平，透明，穩定，高效100%安全的綜合性現代網路信息服務平台，讓客戶以最快的時間獲得貸款，解決資金難題。如果有任何關於貸款方面的需求或者問題，您都可以按照下面的聯系方式聯系融寶通，融寶通有專業的客服顧問，24小時為您提供一對一的專業服務。
『貳』 有關消費信貸的外國文獻一篇
如果你的房未辦按揭可以抵押房子向銀行申請個人消費貸款。再一個是申請一張額度在2萬的信用卡，刷卡透支消費。中信銀行的信用卡可以在國美辦理6個月的分期免息付款，招行信用卡在指定產品上也可以辦理免息分期付款。建議辦張信用卡最實惠，又能免息又有積分兌獎。
『叄』 求助：現急需一篇關於消費信貸的外文及中文翻譯，大約兩千字哦，本人不甚感激
消費信貸是個人和家庭用於滿足個人需求(房產抵押貸款例外)的信貸,與企業信貸相反。消費信貸是商業企業、銀行或其他金融機構對消費者個人提供的信貸。主要用於消費者購買耐用消費品（如傢具、家電、汽車等）、房屋和各種勞務。
消費信貸有兩種基本類型：封閉式信貸和開放式信貸。封閉式信貸指在一段時間內以相同金額分數次償還債務的方式。開放式信貸是循環發放的貸款，部分付款根據定期郵寄的帳單繳付。
封閉式信貸：
●抵押貸款
●汽車貸款
●分期付款貸款（分期付款銷售合同、分期現金支付信貸和一次性信貸）
開放式信貸：
●旅遊與娛樂卡
●透支保護
●百貨商店發行的卡和銀行卡（有銀聯、維薩Visa、萬事達MasterCard）
消費信貸的形式主要有：①賒銷。零售商向消費者提供的短期信貸，即用延期付款的方式銷售商品。西方國家對此多採用信用卡的方式，定期結算清償。②分期付款。消費者在購買高檔消費品時，只支付一部分貨款，然後按合同分期加息支付其餘貨款。如果消費者不能按時償還所欠款項，其所購商品將被收回，並不再退回已付款項。③消費貸款。銀行通過信用放款或抵押放款以及信用卡、支票保證卡等方式向消費者提供的貸款。消費信貸又可分為買方信貸和賣方信貸，前者是對消費品的購買者直接發放貸款；後者則是以分期付款單作抵押，對銷售消費品的商業企業發放貸款，或由銀行同以信用方式銷售商品的商業企業簽訂合同，用現金的形式把貨款付給商業企業。
消費信貸的產生和存在是社會生產發展和人們消費結構變化的客觀要求，在一定程度上可以緩和消費者有限的購買力與不斷提高的生活需求之間的矛盾，對開拓銷售市場，促進生產和流通有積極作用。但是，消費者對未來購買力的超前預支，往往會造成一時的虛假需求，掩蓋生產與消費之間的矛盾。
Consumer credit is indivials and families to meet the indivial needs of (real estate mortgage exceptions) the credit, and credit the contrary. Consumer credit is a commercial enterprises, banks or other financial institutions to provide the indivial consumer credit. Mainly for consumers to purchase consumer rable goods (such as furniture, household appliances, automobiles, etc.), housing and various services.
Consumer Credit There are two basic types: closed-end credit and open credit. Closed-end credit refers to a period of time with the same amount of outstanding debt, scores of the way. Open credit is the cycle of loans, partial payment in accordance with the regular mail to pay bills.
Closed-end credit:
● mortgage
● car loans
● installment loans (installment sales contracts, staging a one-time cash payment of credit and credit)
Open credit:
● tourism and entertainment cards
● overdraft protection
● cards issued by the department store and bank cards (with China UnionPay, Visa Visa, MasterCard MasterCard)
Consumer credit in the form of a major: ① credit. Retailers to provide consumers with the short-term credit, that is, using the deferred payment of goods sold. Western countries have adopted more than credit cards, regularly clearing settlement. ② instalments. Consumers in the purchase of high-grade consumer goods, pay only part of the purchase price and interest rate increase by contract to pay the remaining phases of money. If consumers can not repay outstanding obligations on time, their purchases of goods will be resumed, and no refund payments made. ③ consumer loans. Diyafangkuan Xinyongfangkuan or through banks and credit card, check guarantee card, and other ways to provide consumers with loans. Consumer credit can be divided into the seller and the buyer's credit loan, which is the purchase of consumer goods direct loans while the latter is for mortgage instalments alone, sales of consumer goods for commercial enterprises loans, or by the bank to Credit goods sold commercial enterprises signed contracts, the cash purchase price paid in the form of commercial enterprises.
Consumer credit is generated and the presence of the development of social proction and people's changing consumption structure of the objective requirements, to a certain extent, can alleviate the limited purchasing power of consumers and constantly improve the lives of the conflict between the needs of opening up markets, promote the proction and circulation. Have a positive effect. However, the purchasing power of consumers in the future ahead of the advance, often causing a temporary false demand, proction and consumption to cover up the contradictions between.
希望能幫你！
『肆』 跪求有關銀行信貸的外文文獻～最好附中文翻譯的～～
參考來源：JSTOR
China's fast-evolving consumer finance market
Contents
1. Footnote
China's consumer finance instry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today's 3.7 trillion renminbi.( n1) But that calculation understates the market's latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan's level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years--an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.
China's people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key proct areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.
For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China's fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.
1. Recognize the market's diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a proct portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending procts are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by indivial procts. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate proct balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China's fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.
Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial ecation, support 'new to credit' procts (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles.
China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit--safely.
中國的快速發展消費金融市場
內容
1。腳注
中國的消費金融業遠遠落後於整體經濟。 2007年，消費信貸余額仍然發生了不到國內生產總值的百分之十三，低於印度，遠遠低於新加坡和韓國。如果最近的增長率持續下去，消費貸款承諾2014年將超過8萬億人民幣（1.2萬億美元），從今天的3.7萬億人民幣。（n1）重的計算，但低估了市場的潛能。如果消費者在大陸的貸款上升到台灣的水平，例如，這種變化可能引發在未來5年高達10萬億人民幣的凈新的消費多 - 為銀行和零售商的巨大機會。
中國人民現在是有限的信貸方案。抵押貸款占貸款的百分之90的消費者，誰在關鍵產品領域，如汽車貸款，信用卡幾個選擇，以及個人貸款。但市場發展迅速，近年來。信用卡發行是暴漲的3萬2003卡，為128萬，到2008年底。事實上，發卡可能超過3.0億，到2013年。同樣，無抵押個人貸款和分期付款貸款，長期貸款的地下領域，增長百分之33在一年增長率自2006年以來，至744億元人民幣作為國內領先的銀行和消費者金融專家，加強其風險管理能力。
對外國和本地貸款在中國的快速發展的消費金融市場領導地位的競賽中，我們看到一些成功的關鍵。
1。認識到市場的多樣性。中國是一個本地市場的集合，每個在不同的發展階段，不同的風險狀況和獨特的消費偏好。通過這些市場一般發展三個發展階段：新生（如四川），新興（江蘇），和成熟（上海）。貸款人應採取組合的看法，在最有希望的市場為重點，但有足夠的多樣性，以捕捉到下一個發展浪潮。
2。查找產品組合相匹配的消費偏好。在某種意義上，消費信貸產品互換。許多消費者平衡儲蓄和借貸總額由個別產品，而不是。如韓國的一些國家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;別人更多地依靠現金和個人貸款。在目前的初期階段，在中國最終產品的平衡還有待確定。找到合適的組合可能是極端重要的在中國的快速成長的市場取得成功。
3。知道規則及其演變。由中國銀行監管機構在2009年發布給當地和外國銀行和消費者金融專家更自由地進入市場，消費金融公司的形式，春天的新規定。雖然最初僅限於提供分期貸款，在貸款前紀錄的零售客戶，這些公司將可能使攻擊者在無抵押消費貸款部門的參與更迅速，規模更大。此外，信用卡的進一步放鬆管制已經允許外資銀行發行人民幣為基礎的。這些銀行的目標應明確部門和發展服務的能力，廣闊的市場。
想要成為這樣一個新的市場參與者必須謹慎行事。為了保證負責任的貸款和借款，政府必須加強徵信機構，完善金融教育，支持新的信貸的產品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），並允許消費者將證券化融資余額。監管機構和貸款人必須共同努力，改善風險管理，特別是能夠識別和處理有組織的欺詐。政府要更好地察覺成為國家和地方的信貸泡沫。
中國可以管理風險，有足夠的空間，擴大消費信貸 - 安全。
『伍』 消費信貸風險管理 外文文獻
http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf
上面這個網址是一個pdf文檔，講的是關於消費信貸風險管理的問題。
下面這一段，是我找的資料，不知道對你有沒有用。
Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.
[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)
A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.
The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.
Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.
[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.
To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.
Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.
[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.
『陸』 跪求一篇有關小額貸款公司的外文文獻！
我處禁止上傳文件，相關PDF外文文獻有，沒那麼多，不知是否滿足近幾年的要求，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址